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 Proto-Turkic Altaic etymology Meaning Russian meaning Old Turkic Karakhanid Turkish Tatar Middle Turkic Uzbek Uighur Sary-Yughur Azerbaidzhan Turkmen Khakassian Shor Oyrat Halaj Chuvash Yakut Dolgan Tuva Tofalar Kirghiz Kazakh Noghai Bashkir Balkar Gagauz Karaim Karakalpak Salar Kumyk Comments
face="Times New Roman Star"*bEkreface="Times New Roman Star"Altaic etymologyface="Times New Roman Star"sterletface="Times New Roman Star"ñòåðëÿäü



face="Times New Roman Star"bekre (R)face="Times New Roman Star"bekre (dial.)


face="Times New Roman Star"bekre, bekire (dial.)









face="Times New Roman Star"bekire
face="Times New Roman Star"bikre


face="Times New Roman Star"bekire

face="Times New Roman Star"VEWT 68, ÝÑÒß 2, 108.
face="Times New Roman Star"*K(i)alface="Times New Roman Star"Altaic etymologyface="Times New Roman Star"wild, roughface="Times New Roman Star"äèêèé, ãðóáûéface="Times New Roman Star"qal (OUygh.)face="Times New Roman Star"qal (KB)

face="Times New Roman Star"qal (CCum.)



face="Times New Roman Star"Galdavface="Times New Roman Star"xalface="Times New Roman Star"qalface="Times New Roman Star"qal

face="Times New Roman Star"xal
face="Times New Roman Star"xal-mal




face="Times New Roman Star"qaltaq




face="Times New Roman Star"EDT 614, VEWT 224, ÄÒÑ 410.
face="Times New Roman Star"*go"pe(ne)face="Times New Roman Star"Altaic etymologyface="Times New Roman Star"haystackface="Times New Roman Star"ñòîã ñåíà

face="Times New Roman Star"gebenface="Times New Roman Star"ku"be









face="Times New Roman Star"koba

face="Times New Roman Star"xo"pe:n



face="Times New Roman Star"ku"be|




face="Times New Roman Star"kebenface="Times New Roman Star"ÝÑÒß 5, 15, 80, Ôåäîòîâ 1, 308-309. Turk. > Hung. kepe 'sheaf', see Gombocz 1912.
face="Times New Roman Star"*Kyj-face="Times New Roman Star"Altaic etymologyface="Times New Roman Star"1 to cut aslant, make notches 2 to cut in small piecesface="Times New Roman Star"1 ðåçàòü íàèñêîñîê, äåëàòü çàðóáêè 2 ðåçàòü íà ìåëêèå êóñî÷êè
face="Times New Roman Star"qyj- (MK) 1face="Times New Roman Star"kyj- 2
face="Times New Roman Star"qyj- (AH, Ettuhf.) 1face="Times New Roman Star"qij- 1


face="Times New Roman Star"Gyj- 1face="Times New Roman Star"xyj- 1
face="Times New Roman Star"qyj- 1
face="Times New Roman Star"xújú chip, sliverface="Times New Roman Star"kyj- 'walk around'
face="Times New Roman Star"qyj- 1
face="Times New Roman Star"qyj- 1
face="Times New Roman Star"qyj- 1

face="Times New Roman Star"qyj- 2
face="Times New Roman Star"qyj-

face="Times New Roman Star"VEWT 261, ÝÑÒß 6, 197-200. Turk. *kyjgac? > Kalm. ki:g|@s (KW 234). The meaning of the Orkh. hapax qyd- (see EDT 595) is quite insecure and cannot serve as a basis for reconstructing *Kyd-; all other forms (including qyj- 'to cut aslant' and qyj-ma 'cut meat' in MK) point unambiguously to *Kyj-, see ÝÑÒß 6, 200, 202-203. There exist also common Turkic derivatives *Kyj-yr and *Kyj-yk 'oblique, bent'.
face="Times New Roman Star"*Ku"b-face="Times New Roman Star"Altaic etymologyface="Times New Roman Star"to pound, hit (laundry)face="Times New Roman Star"áèòü, âûáèâàòü (áåëüå)


face="Times New Roman Star"ku"je|-









face="Times New Roman Star"kiv-













face="Times New Roman Star"VEWT 306, Ôåäîòîâ 1, 268, 290.
face="Times New Roman Star"*Kob-face="Times New Roman Star"Altaic etymologyface="Times New Roman Star"to follow, chaseface="Times New Roman Star"ïðåñëåäîâàòü, ãíàòüñÿ
face="Times New Roman Star"qov- (MK)face="Times New Roman Star"kov-face="Times New Roman Star"quw-face="Times New Roman Star"qov- (AH), qaw- (Áîð. Áàä.)face="Times New Roman Star"qaw- (dial.), quw-

face="Times New Roman Star"Gov-face="Times New Roman Star"qov-

face="Times New Roman Star"qu:-
face="Times New Roman Star"xu-, xúv-



face="Times New Roman Star"qu:-, qubala-face="Times New Roman Star"quw-face="Times New Roman Star"quw-face="Times New Roman Star"qyw-face="Times New Roman Star"quw-face="Times New Roman Star"qu:-face="Times New Roman Star"quw-face="Times New Roman Star"quw-
face="Times New Roman Star"quw-face="Times New Roman Star"ÝÑÒß 6, 9-10, VEWT 275, Ôåäîòîâ 2, 315-316. The Karakh. derivative qovdaq 'greedy' (although scarcely attested) is a probable source of WMong. qobdug| 'greedy', see Clark 1977, 147.
face="Times New Roman Star"*Kurgakface="Times New Roman Star"Altaic etymologyface="Times New Roman Star"palateface="Times New Roman Star"íå'áî









face="Times New Roman Star"xurg|ax
face="Times New Roman Star"qurg|aq















face="Times New Roman Star"VEWT 303, Ëåêñèêà 230.
face="Times New Roman Star"*KAky-face="Times New Roman Star"Altaic etymologyface="Times New Roman Star"to be angryface="Times New Roman Star"ñåðäèòüñÿface="Times New Roman Star"qaqy- (OUygh.), qaqy-g| 'anger'face="Times New Roman Star"qaqy-, qaqu- (MK)face="Times New Roman Star"kaky-
face="Times New Roman Star"qaqy- (AH, Qutb., Pav. C.)



face="Times New Roman Star"qaqy-








face="Times New Roman Star"qaq-




face="Times New Roman Star"qaqy-


face="Times New Roman Star"VEWT 223, ÝÑÒß 5, 223-224. Turk. > WMong. qaki-, Kalm. x|a"k@- (KW 176).
face="Times New Roman Star"*Kek- / *Kak-face="Times New Roman Star"Altaic etymologyface="Times New Roman Star"1 curved 2 stick with a hook 3 latch 4 to bend 5 to bend one's neckface="Times New Roman Star"1 êðèâîé 2 ïàëêà ñ êðþêîì 3 ùåêîëäà 4 ãíóòüñÿ 5 âûãèáàòü øåþ

face="Times New Roman Star"keke, dial. gege 2face="Times New Roman Star"ke|kre, ke|jre 1, 2, ke|kre|j- 4, (Sib.) ke|ge| 3
face="Times New Roman Star"kekkaj-, qaqqaj- 5





face="Times New Roman Star"kekej- 5
face="Times New Roman Star"kagúr 2, 3, kagúr-t- 5face="Times New Roman Star"keg|ij-, kekej- 5


face="Times New Roman Star"qaqaj-, kekej- 4, 5face="Times New Roman Star"qaqaj-, kekirej- 5
face="Times New Roman Star"ka"kere 1, ka"kera"j- 4, ka"ka"-n|-la"- 'èçâèâàòüñÿ î çìåå', qaqaj- 5


face="Times New Roman Star"qaqaj-, kejkej- 5

face="Times New Roman Star"VEWT 248.
face="Times New Roman Star"*da:ry-face="Times New Roman Star"Altaic etymologyface="Times New Roman Star"to touch, fall upon, attackface="Times New Roman Star"äîòðàãèâàòüñÿ, íàïàäàòü

face="Times New Roman Star"(Osm.) dary- (14 c.)face="Times New Roman Star"tary-face="Times New Roman Star"dary- (Pav. C.)


face="Times New Roman Star"daras?-face="Times New Roman Star"da:ra-




face="Times New Roman Star"ta:ryj-





face="Times New Roman Star"tary-





face="Times New Roman Star"ÝÑÒß 3, 149. Despite VEWT 133, hardly a mongolism (but Kaz., Nogh., KKalp. dary- are probably < Mong. dag|ari-). One should perhaps link also *dAry-n-, *dAry-l- 'to become angry, offended' (ÝÑÒß 3, 161-162 - pass. or medial forms, i.e. *'to be touched, approached').
face="Times New Roman Star"*job-
face="Times New Roman Star"1 to overwhelm with kindness 2 collective workface="Times New Roman Star"1 ïðîÿâèòü äîáðîòó 2 ïî/ìî÷ü
face="Times New Roman Star"jov-, jovsa- 1, jo"vtu"r- (caus.) (MK)face="Times New Roman Star"jo:rum 'âîñïèòàíèå'





face="Times New Roman Star"jovar 2

face="Times New Roman Star"? d'o":z?o 'èìóùåñòâî'

face="Times New Roman Star"sobolon| 'payment for work'












face="Times New Roman Star"EDT 871, 873, 880
face="Times New Roman Star"*jarynface="Times New Roman Star"Altaic etymologyface="Times New Roman Star"shoulder, shoulderbladeface="Times New Roman Star"ïëå÷î, ëîïàòêàface="Times New Roman Star"jaryn (OUygh.)face="Times New Roman Star"jaryn (MK)




face="Times New Roman Star"jaryn

face="Times New Roman Star"c?arynface="Times New Roman Star"c?arynface="Times New Roman Star"jaryn, d/aryn
face="Times New Roman Star"s/orúmface="Times New Roman Star"sarynface="Times New Roman Star"saryn, sannyface="Times New Roman Star"c?aryn










face="Times New Roman Star"EDT 970, ÝÑÒß 4, 66, Ëåêñèêà 242, Äûáî 139-141, Ôåäîòîâ 2, 142, Stachowski 209. Forms going back to *jagryn are due to a merger with *jagyr (v. sub *dagV).
face="Times New Roman Star"*del-face="Times New Roman Star"Altaic etymologyface="Times New Roman Star"1 to bore through 2 to cut 3 to openface="Times New Roman Star"1 ïðîäûðÿâëèâàòü 2 ðåçàòüface="Times New Roman Star"tel- 1 (OUygh.)face="Times New Roman Star"tel- 1 (MK)face="Times New Roman Star"del- 2
face="Times New Roman Star"tel- 1 (Sangl., Abush.)

face="Times New Roman Star"telyk 'opening'face="Times New Roman Star"da"l- 2





face="Times New Roman Star"tel- 3

face="Times New Roman Star"del- 1




face="Times New Roman Star"del- 1face="Times New Roman Star"del- 1


face="Times New Roman Star"VEWT 471, EDT 490, ÝÑÒß 3, 185-186, TMN 2, 657.
face="Times New Roman Star"*jorukanface="Times New Roman Star"Altaic etymologyface="Times New Roman Star"1 badger 2 suslikface="Times New Roman Star"1 áàðñóê 2 ñóñëèê









face="Times New Roman Star"c?oraxa (R)
face="Times New Roman Star"joroqon (R)















face="Times New Roman Star"VEWT 207. Turk. > WMong. z?|orug|an, z?|oruqan, Kalm. zorg|@n, zorx@n (KW 476).
face="Times New Roman Star"*jabryface="Times New Roman Star"Altaic etymologyface="Times New Roman Star"young of birds and animalsface="Times New Roman Star"äåòåíûø ïòèö è æèâîòíûõ

face="Times New Roman Star"javru, javry
face="Times New Roman Star"javry (Ettuhf.)








face="Times New Roman Star"s/úw|vúw|r, s/urú








face="Times New Roman Star"javru



face="Times New Roman Star"VEWT 176, ÝÑÒß 4, 53, Ëåêñèêà 168-169, Ôåäîòîâ 2, 140-141, TMN 4, 220.
face="Times New Roman Star"*jod-face="Times New Roman Star"Altaic etymologyface="Times New Roman Star"to destroyface="Times New Roman Star"óíè÷òîæàòü, ðàçðóøàòüface="Times New Roman Star"jod- (OUygh.)face="Times New Roman Star"jod|- (MK)
face="Times New Roman Star"z?|uj-face="Times New Roman Star"joj- (Houts.), juj- (AH)



face="Times New Roman Star"joj-
face="Times New Roman Star"c?os-


face="Times New Roman Star"sot- 'to wipe out'face="Times New Roman Star"hot- 'to wipe out'face="Times New Roman Star"c?ot-
face="Times New Roman Star"z?|oj-face="Times New Roman Star"z?oj-face="Times New Roman Star"joj-face="Times New Roman Star"juj-

face="Times New Roman Star"z?|oj-face="Times New Roman Star"z?oj-
face="Times New Roman Star"joj-face="Times New Roman Star"EDT 885, VEWT 204, ÝÑÒß 4, 210, Stachowski 109.
face="Times New Roman Star"*jamface="Times New Roman Star"Altaic etymologyface="Times New Roman Star"1 piece of dust 2 litter floating on the surface of waterface="Times New Roman Star"1 ñîðèíêà 2 ìóñîð, ïëàâàþùèé ïî âîäå
face="Times New Roman Star"jam (MK) 1














face="Times New Roman Star"c?am 2










face="Times New Roman Star"VEWT 205.
face="Times New Roman Star"*je.r-face="Times New Roman Star"Altaic etymologyface="Times New Roman Star"to hateface="Times New Roman Star"íåíàâèäåòü, ïèòàòü îòâðàùåíèåface="Times New Roman Star"jer- (OUygh.)face="Times New Roman Star"jer- (MK)face="Times New Roman Star"jer-
face="Times New Roman Star"jer- (AH)


face="Times New Roman Star"jer-face="Times New Roman Star"i:r-

face="Times New Roman Star"jeri-

face="Times New Roman Star"sir-


face="Times New Roman Star"z?|eri-face="Times New Roman Star"z?er-




face="Times New Roman Star"z?eri-

face="Times New Roman Star"EDT 955, ÝÑÒß 4, 193, VEWT 198. Yakut shows that the Turkm. length is secondary (i:r- = jir-).
face="Times New Roman Star"*i:gface="Times New Roman Star"Altaic etymologyface="Times New Roman Star"illness, deceaseface="Times New Roman Star"áîëåçíüface="Times New Roman Star"ig (OUygh.)face="Times New Roman Star"ig (MK, KB, Tefs.)face="Times New Roman Star"ig|z?|il
face="Times New Roman Star"ig (Sangl., Houts.)



face="Times New Roman Star"i:gli 'rickety'



face="Times New Roman Star"júx 'leprosy, scrofula'













face="Times New Roman Star"EDT 98-99, Åãîðîâ 76-77, Ôåäîòîâ 1, 189, Ìóäðàê 73, Ìóäðàê Äèññ. 157, VEWT 169.
face="Times New Roman Star"*Kat-face="Times New Roman Star"Altaic etymologyface="Times New Roman Star"1 to heat (oven) 2 (fire) steel 3 to bakeface="Times New Roman Star"1 òîïèòü ïå÷ü 2 îãíèâî 3 ïå÷ü













face="Times New Roman Star"xot- 1face="Times New Roman Star"xatat 2


face="Times New Roman Star"qatyr- 3








face="Times New Roman Star"Àøì. XVI, 256, ÝÑÒß 5, 335 (connected with *kat- 'dry', but in fact a different root because of the Chuvash form). However, if Mari oltas? 'heat' is from Bulg., the original form could be *Kal-t- and should be removed from the etymology (cf. Ôåäîòîâ 2, 372).
,,,,turcet-atu,turcet-krh,turcet-trk,turcet-tat,turcet-chg,turcet-uzb,turcet-uig,turcet-sjg,turcet-azb,turcet-trm,turcet-hak,turcet-shr,turcet-alt,,turcet-chv,turcet-jak,,turcet-tuv,turcet-tof,turcet-krg,turcet-kaz,,turcet-bas,,,,,turcet-sal,turcet-qum,,,,,,turcet-atu,turcet-krh,turcet-trk,turcet-tat,turcet-chg,turcet-uzb,turcet-uig,turcet-sjg,turcet-azb,turcet-trm,turcet-hak,turcet-shr,turcet-alt,,turcet-chv,turcet-jak,,turcet-tuv,turcet-tof,turcet-krg,turcet-kaz,,turcet-bas,,,,,turcet-sal,turcet-qum,,,,,,turcet-atu,turcet-krh,turcet-trk,turcet-tat,turcet-chg,turcet-uzb,turcet-uig,turcet-sjg,turcet-azb,turcet-trm,turcet-hak,turcet-shr,turcet-alt,,turcet-chv,turcet-jak,,turcet-tuv,turcet-tof,turcet-krg,turcet-kaz,,turcet-bas,,,,,turcet-sal,turcet-qum,,,,,,turcet-atu,turcet-krh,turcet-trk,turcet-tat,turcet-chg,turcet-uzb,turcet-uig,turcet-sjg,turcet-azb,turcet-trm,turcet-hak,turcet-shr,turcet-alt,,turcet-chv,turcet-jak,,turcet-tuv,turcet-tof,turcet-krg,turcet-kaz,,turcet-bas,,,,,turcet-sal,turcet-qum,,,,,,turcet-atu,turcet-krh,turcet-trk,turcet-tat,turcet-chg,turcet-uzb,turcet-uig,turcet-sjg,turcet-azb,turcet-trm,turcet-hak,turcet-shr,turcet-alt,,turcet-chv,turcet-jak,,turcet-tuv,turcet-tof,turcet-krg,turcet-kaz,,turcet-bas,,,,,turcet-sal,turcet-qum,,,,,,turcet-atu,turcet-krh,turcet-trk,turcet-tat,turcet-chg,turcet-uzb,turcet-uig,turcet-sjg,turcet-azb,turcet-trm,turcet-hak,turcet-shr,turcet-alt,,turcet-chv,turcet-jak,,turcet-tuv,turcet-tof,turcet-krg,turcet-kaz,,turcet-bas,,,,,turcet-sal,turcet-qum,,,,,,turcet-atu,turcet-krh,turcet-trk,turcet-tat,turcet-chg,turcet-uzb,turcet-uig,turcet-sjg,turcet-azb,turcet-trm,turcet-hak,turcet-shr,turcet-alt,,turcet-chv,turcet-jak,,turcet-tuv,turcet-tof,turcet-krg,turcet-kaz,,turcet-bas,,,,,turcet-sal,turcet-qum,,,,,,turcet-atu,turcet-krh,turcet-trk,turcet-tat,turcet-chg,turcet-uzb,turcet-uig,turcet-sjg,turcet-azb,turcet-trm,turcet-hak,turcet-shr,turcet-alt,,turcet-chv,turcet-jak,,turcet-tuv,turcet-tof,turcet-krg,turcet-kaz,,turcet-bas,,,,,turcet-sal,turcet-qum,,,,,,turcet-atu,turcet-krh,turcet-trk,turcet-tat,turcet-chg,turcet-uzb,turcet-uig,turcet-sjg,turcet-azb,turcet-trm,turcet-hak,turcet-shr,turcet-alt,,turcet-chv,turcet-jak,,turcet-tuv,turcet-tof,turcet-krg,turcet-kaz,,turcet-bas,,,,,turcet-sal,turcet-qum,,,,,,turcet-atu,turcet-krh,turcet-trk,turcet-tat,turcet-chg,turcet-uzb,turcet-uig,turcet-sjg,turcet-azb,turcet-trm,turcet-hak,turcet-shr,turcet-alt,,turcet-chv,turcet-jak,,turcet-tuv,turcet-tof,turcet-krg,turcet-kaz,,turcet-bas,,,,,turcet-sal,turcet-qum,,,,,,turcet-atu,turcet-krh,turcet-trk,turcet-tat,turcet-chg,turcet-uzb,turcet-uig,turcet-sjg,turcet-azb,turcet-trm,turcet-hak,turcet-shr,turcet-alt,,turcet-chv,turcet-jak,,turcet-tuv,turcet-tof,turcet-krg,turcet-kaz,,turcet-bas,,,,,turcet-sal,turcet-qum,,,,,,turcet-atu,turcet-krh,turcet-trk,turcet-tat,turcet-chg,turcet-uzb,turcet-uig,turcet-sjg,turcet-azb,turcet-trm,turcet-hak,turcet-shr,turcet-alt,,turcet-chv,turcet-jak,,turcet-tuv,turcet-tof,turcet-krg,turcet-kaz,,turcet-bas,,,,,turcet-sal,turcet-qum,,,,,,turcet-atu,turcet-krh,turcet-trk,turcet-tat,turcet-chg,turcet-uzb,turcet-uig,turcet-sjg,turcet-azb,turcet-trm,turcet-hak,turcet-shr,turcet-alt,,turcet-chv,turcet-jak,,turcet-tuv,turcet-tof,turcet-krg,turcet-kaz,,turcet-bas,,,,,turcet-sal,turcet-qum,,,,,,turcet-atu,turcet-krh,turcet-trk,turcet-tat,turcet-chg,turcet-uzb,turcet-uig,turcet-sjg,turcet-azb,turcet-trm,turcet-hak,turcet-shr,turcet-alt,,turcet-chv,turcet-jak,,turcet-tuv,turcet-tof,turcet-krg,turcet-kaz,,turcet-bas,,,,,turcet-sal,turcet-qum,,,,,,turcet-atu,turcet-krh,turcet-trk,turcet-tat,turcet-chg,turcet-uzb,turcet-uig,turcet-sjg,turcet-azb,turcet-trm,turcet-hak,turcet-shr,turcet-alt,,turcet-chv,turcet-jak,,turcet-tuv,turcet-tof,turcet-krg,turcet-kaz,,turcet-bas,,,,,turcet-sal,turcet-qum,,,,,,turcet-atu,turcet-krh,turcet-trk,turcet-tat,turcet-chg,turcet-uzb,turcet-uig,turcet-sjg,turcet-azb,turcet-trm,turcet-hak,turcet-shr,turcet-alt,,turcet-chv,turcet-jak,,turcet-tuv,turcet-tof,turcet-krg,turcet-kaz,,turcet-bas,,,,,turcet-sal,turcet-qum,,,,,,turcet-atu,turcet-krh,turcet-trk,turcet-tat,turcet-chg,turcet-uzb,turcet-uig,turcet-sjg,turcet-azb,turcet-trm,turcet-hak,turcet-shr,turcet-alt,,turcet-chv,turcet-jak,,turcet-tuv,turcet-tof,turcet-krg,turcet-kaz,,turcet-bas,,,,,turcet-sal,turcet-qum,,,,,,turcet-atu,turcet-krh,turcet-trk,turcet-tat,turcet-chg,turcet-uzb,turcet-uig,turcet-sjg,turcet-azb,turcet-trm,turcet-hak,turcet-shr,turcet-alt,,turcet-chv,turcet-jak,,turcet-tuv,turcet-tof,turcet-krg,turcet-kaz,,turcet-bas,,,,,turcet-sal,turcet-qum,,,,,,turcet-atu,turcet-krh,turcet-trk,turcet-tat,turcet-chg,turcet-uzb,turcet-uig,turcet-sjg,turcet-azb,turcet-trm,turcet-hak,turcet-shr,turcet-alt,,turcet-chv,turcet-jak,,turcet-tuv,turcet-tof,turcet-krg,turcet-kaz,,turcet-bas,,,,,turcet-sal,turcet-qum,,,,,,turcet-atu,turcet-krh,turcet-trk,turcet-tat,turcet-chg,turcet-uzb,turcet-uig,turcet-sjg,turcet-azb,turcet-trm,turcet-hak,turcet-shr,turcet-alt,,turcet-chv,turcet-jak,,turcet-tuv,turcet-tof,turcet-krg,turcet-kaz,,turcet-bas,,,,,turcet-sal,turcet-qum,,
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